Thames & Kosmos Structural Engineering: Bridges & Skyscrapers handleiding

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Handleiding

Load

Another important part of designing a structure is

understanding how loads aﬀect a structure. Loads

are forces, deformations, or accelerations that are

applied to a structure or its parts.

Just as important as which structural elements are used in a

building are the ways in which those structural elements

are connected together. A building is designed to safely

transfer its load through its structural elements to the

ground. There are three common types of connections used

in buildings: rollers, pins, and ﬁxed supports.

For example, roller supports are commonly used at one end

of bridges. This allows the bridge to move when it expands

and contracts with changes in temperature.

Tension

Compression

Shear

Torsion

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A structure, such

as a building, is

made up of many

diﬀerent parts

such as walls, ﬂoors, beams, and ceilings. A structural

engineer groups the parts of a building or structure into a

small number of categories based on their physical

behaviors. In this kit, we focus on understanding how

columns, beams, planes, trusses, catenaries, arches, cables,

and shells work in a structure.

DID YOU KNOW ...

... toughened glass, which is the glass used in smartphone

screens, is strengthened by treating it with heat and chemicals

to induce a state of compression in the outer surface of the glass

and a state of tension inside the glass. This increases its ability

to withstand external loads without breaking.

Structural engineers often use

four terms to describe how a load

can aﬀect a structure: tension,

compression, shear, and torsion.

Tension is any force that pulls (or

stretches) an object apart.

Compression is any force that

pushes in on (or squeezes) an

object.

Shear is a force that causes

parallel internal surfaces within

an object to slide past each other.

(You will see an example of shear

in the next experiment.)

Torsion is a force that causes the

twisting of an object due to a

moment.

Load

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