Thames & Kosmos Kids First: Crystals, Rocks & Minerals handleiding

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WHAT’S HAPPENING

With the soapstone, even your fingernail will leave a faint mark,

as will the copper coin with calcite. Fluorite and bornite can

only be scratched with the iron nail or something harder.

Hematite, magnetite, and pyrite can be scratched with the steel

nail, but quartz will withstand even the penknife. Only an adult

should use the knife.

The hardest part

YOU WILL NEED

› Minerals

› Iron nail, steel nail, or penknife

› Copper penny

HERE’S HOW

1. Find the smoothest spot on each mineral

sample, and try scratching it first with your

fingernail, then with the edge of the coin,

and finally with the iron and steel nails.

This is how your test a mineral’s hardness.

ABOUT

FLUORITE

This mineral, which is a compound of the chemical

elements calcium and fluorine, forms wonderful

octahedrons. It comes in lots of different colors

depending on the impurities in it. It is used in extractive

metallurgy, as a chemical raw material, and — in the

form of artificially grown crystals — in the production

of high-grade optical lenses.

ABOUT

CALCITE

Hardness Density

3 2.8

This is the name for a

crystallized form of

limestone. Limestone

is actually formed of

tiny calcite crystals,

making it one of the

most common

minerals of all —

entire mountain

ranges are made of

calcite. Many sea

creatures build their

shells out of calcite

too. Due to its low

hardness and

sensitivity to acids,

calcite is hardly ever

used as a gemstone.

It has a greasy sheen.

Be careful handling the

sharp objects!

ABOUT

BORNITE

Hardness Density

4 4

This ore, also known

as chalcopyrite (the

Greek word chalkos

means “copper”),

contains copper and

iron bonded with

sulfur. It is considered

to be one of the most

important copper

ores because it occurs

in large quantities in

some places. When it

is exposed to the

elements, it can form

bright colors that

look like the colors of

an oil spill on water.

Hardness Density

4 3

Minerals in the Research Lab

EXPERIMENT 11

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