Thames & Kosmos Candy Chemistry handleiding

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Thames & Kosmos

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Handleiding

WHAT IS HEAT?

Temperature and heat are not the same

thing. While temperature is a measure of

the average kinetic energy of a sample of

matter, heat is the total kinetic energy of

all particles in the sample.

Imagine ﬁlling up a bucket of water from a

pond and immediately measuring the

temperature of the water in the bucket and

the water in the pond. The temperature

would be the same for both. But, because

there are far fewer particles in the bucket

than in the pond, the amount of heat in the

bucket is far lower. Heat takes into account

the total amount of matter.

How is heat transferred?

Conduction is the transfer of heat through

solids. In the experiment, heat was conducted

through the metal spoon up to the top of the

handle. The heat is transferred directly from

particle to particle as they bump together.

Metals are examples of good conductors, and

wood and plastic are examples of poor

conductors.

Convection is the transfer of heat through

liquids and gases. When liquids and gases heat

up, the particles move faster and faster.

Because they are free to move around, the

faster moving particles move farther apart. This

makes the liquid or gas less dense, and thus it

will rise above cooler liquids or gases. This is

why warm air rises.

Radiation is the transfer of energy through

empty space. Instead of particles moving

around as in conduction and convection,

radiation is transmitted by electromagnetic

waves, like light. This is how the light from the

light bulb was able to heat up the chocolate

chip.

What is temperature?

Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic

energy of the particles in a sample of matter. The

temperature of a cup of hot cocoa is higher than the

temperature of a scoop of ice cream. This means that

the particles in the hot cocoa have a higher average

kinetic energy than those in the ice cream. Kinetic

energy is simply motion energy. So the particles in the

hot cocoa are moving faster than those in the ice cream.

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Physical Science and Cooking | 7

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